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Animals in Criminology

Kenneth Mentor J.D., Ph.D.
Department of Sociology and Criminology
University of North Carolina Wilmington

Abstract:

Other than research regarding environmental crime and the link between violence to animals and humans, criminology has shown limited interest in non-human animals. Animals find their way into criminology through examinations of corporate crime, wildlife crime, food crime, farm crime, and the use of animals in correctional settings. In nearly every example, animals are treated as property. The Vegan Criminology website was developed to provide an overview of animals in criminology, summarize current research, organize links for those wanting to learn, and encourage criminologists to consider the scope and range of violence against animals. For example, the current food industry imposes massive, yet nearly invisible, violence on animals. This industry protects corporate interests in a variety of ways, including using the courts to criminalize efforts to advocate on behalf of animals. Vegan Criminology focuses on the rights of animals and those attempting to protect them, the legal status of animals, and the widespread acceptance of animals as food. We also question the use of animals for entertainment, sport, and experimentation. The website includes a range of teaching materials, both open-access and peer-reviewed, including online courses for the general public and educators interested in teaching about animals in criminology.

Presentation

Round two. Goals for 2018:

  • Open Access/DIY/Multimedia
  • Add RSS Feeds/Journal Summaries
  • Document Animal-Related Work at ASC
  • Teaching Without Borders
  • Vegan Criminology Website:
    • Traffic
    • Facebook
  • Two courses:
    • Kitchen sink version
    • "Scholarly" version

Vegan

  • Not the first criminologist to sugest animals should be a subject of interest to criminology, and certainly not the last.
  • Will try a different hook. Vegan criminology - catchy name, popular movement.
  • Do you have to become a vegan to learn this stuff? No. 100% nearly impossible, but a plant-based diet - 90-95% vegan is easy, with many personal and societal benefits.
  • Not moralizing about individual choices but perhaps about criminology as a whole. Curious about the morality of generally accepted choices and how our society and laws define animals.
  • As criminologists, how does veganism impact our understanding of victimization and harm?
  • Tool for learning - resources for educators and other curious travelers.
  • A unique way to connect criminology theory to real world issues, hopefully expanding one's understanding of theory.
  • Not creating new knowledge but there is value in organizing existing knowledge, especially to focus on new problems.
  • Contrast to critical criminology, green criminology, rural criminology, environmental justice, conservation criminology, environmental criminology,
  • Broad overview. Perhaps too broad. Happy to see more focused work being presented at ASC each year.

Courses

  • Syllabi search - most are not open, but found a few - SOC, Phil, Law.
  • Lots of links included in the open access course, which has become a bit unwieldy, but I hope this is a useful tool.
  • The "closed" syllabus is more focused. More "scholarly," but still a but unwieldy.
  • Would be fun to actually teach the class.

Show and Tell:

Thank you!

1

Animals and Crime at the American Society of Criminology 2005 - 2018

With a few exceptions among green and critical criminologists, criminology has not focused on violence against non-human animals. While there are several notable publications, and a few conference presentations each year, the theoretical foundation is limited and the boundaries of criminological study regarding animals are poorly defined.

In preparation for the 2017 Annual Meetings of the American Society of Criminology, the final programs for ASC conferences from 2005 through 2017 were searched for key terms related to animals, food, and farms. Environmental crime is also included, primarily related to advocacy on behalf of animals and the environment.

The same terms were searched in the 2018 program and results were added to the list. The number of animal-related papers has increased in each of the last two years, arguably with increased focus. Wildlife crime is an emerging issue, with panels in each of the last two years. We also see a recurring search for a theoretical home, most often focused on "green" criminology, with some (declining?) connections to rural criminology.

Papers appear on many unrelated panels, such as this one, with just a few thematic panels.

An annotated Excel file listing the number of presentations, categorized by key themes, and saved for the web, can be viewed here.

Search terms: animal, farm, food

  • Nature breaking #podcast clip: #Forest Win
    by World Wildlife Fund on January 6, 2026 at 6:11 pm

    As the new year begins, we’re taking a moment to reflect back on the top 10 conservation wins of the century (so far). One of the biggest wins was the creation of ARPA — the world’s largest tropical rainforest conservation program. And this century has also brought progress for tigers, giant pandas, bison, and more.

  • Nature breaking #podcast clip: Tiger conservation
    by World Wildlife Fund on December 30, 2025 at 8:13 pm

    2025 is almost over, so our podcast is counting down the top 10 conservation wins of the century (so far). From restoring wild tigers populations to protecting rainforests, there’s a lot to celebrate. Check out the full episode on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=undiB_keE4g.

  • Top 10 Conservation Wins of the Century (So Far)
    by World Wildlife Fund on December 30, 2025 at 7:30 pm

    As 2025 comes to a close, we’re looking back at the 10 biggest conservation wins of the 21st century (so far). We’ll revisit iconic successes like the Paris Agreement on climate, the rebound of wild tigers and giant pandas, and the creation of the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program, the largest tropical forest conservation initiative on Earth. Plus, we’ll celebrate grassroots efforts like Earth Hour and the return of bison to Native lands—proof that progress is happening at every level. If you care about wildlife, climate, and sustainability, this episode will give you hope and inspiration for the future. Links: Donate to support WWF’s conservation mission: wwf.help/podcast Chapters: 0:00 Preview 0:33 Intro 1:36 Rules of the Countdown 4:31 High Seas Treaty 5:57 Global Biodiversity Framework 7:06 Bison Restoration 9:27 Giant Pandas No Longer Endangered 10:43 The Paris Agreement on Climate Change 11:32 Global Response to the Poaching Crisis 12:55 Rebound of Wild Tigers 16:06 Earth Hour Launches 17:03 Creation of the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) Program 19:55 Environmentalism Goes Mainstream

  • 2025 Conservation Highlights #conservation #wildlife #ocean #forest
    by World Wildlife Fund on December 26, 2025 at 2:34 pm

    We’re wrapping up 2025 by celebrating some of the conservation highlights that defined this year. Together, we made meaningful progress for both people and nature.

  • Gorillas love to snack! #gorilla #conservation #nature
    by World Wildlife Fund on December 1, 2025 at 10:37 pm

    Did you know gorillas are mainly vegetarians? They thrive on a plant-powered diet, snacking on fruit, stems, and bamboo shoots, with the occasional bark and invertebrates for extra nutrients.

  • Thank you for caring for nature
    by World Wildlife Fund on November 26, 2025 at 2:07 pm

    Nature gives us so much: clean air and water, food, medicine, and the moments of peace and joy we feel when we’re surrounded by it. Its beauty—from our lush forests to our vast oceans—fills us with awe and gratitude. At WWF, we are inspired by you—by your love and passion for protecting this incredible planet we call home. Thank you for all you do for nature. We are so grateful. Music: Music: Souvenir/Jeff Dale-PRS, Time Reilly-PRS – Audio Network

  • Nature breaking #podcast clip: The hidden cost of losing vultures
    by World Wildlife Fund on November 19, 2025 at 6:46 pm

    The near-extinction of vultures in India had a terrible impact on people. What does this story tell us about the hidden costs of wildlife decline?

  • Nature Breaking #podcast clip: Why Vultures Matter #vultures #birds
    by World Wildlife Fund on November 18, 2025 at 9:09 pm
  • How Losing Vultures Led to 500,000 Human Deaths
    by World Wildlife Fund on November 18, 2025 at 7:30 pm

    What happens when nature’s cleanup crew disappears? In this episode of Nature Breaking, host Seth Larson talks with Professor Eyal Frank, an environmental economist at the University of Chicago, about his groundbreaking research on the near-extinction of vultures in India—and the devastating ripple effects on human health. Frank explains: -Why vultures are critical for ecosystems and public health -How a common painkiller triggered a collapse in vulture populations -Why that collapse may have caused 500,000 additional human deaths -What this teaches us about the hidden costs of biodiversity loss This is a fascinating—and sobering—look at how species we often overlook play vital roles in our lives. Tune in to learn why protecting wildlife isn’t just about saving nature—it’s about saving ourselves. Listen now and subscribe for more episodes on the connections between people and the planet. Links for More Info: Eyal Frank bio: https://harris.uchicago.edu/directory/eyal-frank Study: The Near Extinction of Indian Vultures Led to the Death of a Half Million People: https://climate.uchicago.edu/news/the-near-extinction-of-indian-vultures-led-to-the-death-of-a-half-million-people/ Shocked Podcast Ep. 3: Vultures: https://climate.uchicago.edu/insights/episode-3-vultures/ WWF web story: Vultures as Nature’s Influencers: https://www.worldwildlife.org/resources/facts/vultures-natures-influencers/ Chapters: 0:00 Preview 0:25 Wild Guess trivia 0:57 Intro 2:41 Eyal Frank’s background 5:05 Comparing attribution science in climate change v. biodiversity loss 6:52 Why are vultures important? 9:31 How Eyal learned about vulture loss in India 11:27 What happened to vultures in India? 16:15 How did vulture loss contribute to human deaths? 27:12 What were the actual causes of human deaths? 32:27 How many people died due to loss of vultures? 38:03 Lessons for policymakers and the general public 42:28 What’s next for Eyal Frank? 45:27 Outro #Vultures #Biodiversity #NatureBreaking #WWF #EcosystemServices #PublicHealth #Conservation #ClimateAction #SustainableFuture

  • Poem: We Are Nature, Nature is Us
    by World Wildlife Fund on November 11, 2025 at 7:12 pm

    Nature is the foundation of everything we value, but the natural systems that support all life on Earth are under unprecedented threat. The time for action is now. For more than 60 years, WWF has been the world's leading conservation organization, working in nearly 100 countries to protect our planet's most critical forests, rivers, wetlands, and oceans. We don't just protect nature—we work with communities, governments, and businesses to create practical solutions that keep our planet in balance. This is our moment to give back to the resource that gives us everything. Together, we can protect the nature we all depend on. Learn how you can be a part of the solution: http://wwf.org/now