Skip to content

Animals in Criminology

Kenneth Mentor J.D., Ph.D.
Department of Sociology and Criminology
University of North Carolina Wilmington

Abstract:

Other than research regarding environmental crime and the link between violence to animals and humans, criminology has shown limited interest in non-human animals. Animals find their way into criminology through examinations of corporate crime, wildlife crime, food crime, farm crime, and the use of animals in correctional settings. In nearly every example, animals are treated as property. The Vegan Criminology website was developed to provide an overview of animals in criminology, summarize current research, organize links for those wanting to learn, and encourage criminologists to consider the scope and range of violence against animals. For example, the current food industry imposes massive, yet nearly invisible, violence on animals. This industry protects corporate interests in a variety of ways, including using the courts to criminalize efforts to advocate on behalf of animals. Vegan Criminology focuses on the rights of animals and those attempting to protect them, the legal status of animals, and the widespread acceptance of animals as food. We also question the use of animals for entertainment, sport, and experimentation. The website includes a range of teaching materials, both open-access and peer-reviewed, including online courses for the general public and educators interested in teaching about animals in criminology.

Presentation

Round two. Goals for 2018:

  • Open Access/DIY/Multimedia
  • Add RSS Feeds/Journal Summaries
  • Document Animal-Related Work at ASC
  • Teaching Without Borders
  • Vegan Criminology Website:
    • Traffic
    • Facebook
  • Two courses:
    • Kitchen sink version
    • "Scholarly" version

Vegan

  • Not the first criminologist to sugest animals should be a subject of interest to criminology, and certainly not the last.
  • Will try a different hook. Vegan criminology - catchy name, popular movement.
  • Do you have to become a vegan to learn this stuff? No. 100% nearly impossible, but a plant-based diet - 90-95% vegan is easy, with many personal and societal benefits.
  • Not moralizing about individual choices but perhaps about criminology as a whole. Curious about the morality of generally accepted choices and how our society and laws define animals.
  • As criminologists, how does veganism impact our understanding of victimization and harm?
  • Tool for learning - resources for educators and other curious travelers.
  • A unique way to connect criminology theory to real world issues, hopefully expanding one's understanding of theory.
  • Not creating new knowledge but there is value in organizing existing knowledge, especially to focus on new problems.
  • Contrast to critical criminology, green criminology, rural criminology, environmental justice, conservation criminology, environmental criminology,
  • Broad overview. Perhaps too broad. Happy to see more focused work being presented at ASC each year.

Courses

  • Syllabi search - most are not open, but found a few - SOC, Phil, Law.
  • Lots of links included in the open access course, which has become a bit unwieldy, but I hope this is a useful tool.
  • The "closed" syllabus is more focused. More "scholarly," but still a but unwieldy.
  • Would be fun to actually teach the class.

Show and Tell:

Thank you!

1

Animals and Crime at the American Society of Criminology 2005 - 2018

With a few exceptions among green and critical criminologists, criminology has not focused on violence against non-human animals. While there are several notable publications, and a few conference presentations each year, the theoretical foundation is limited and the boundaries of criminological study regarding animals are poorly defined.

In preparation for the 2017 Annual Meetings of the American Society of Criminology, the final programs for ASC conferences from 2005 through 2017 were searched for key terms related to animals, food, and farms. Environmental crime is also included, primarily related to advocacy on behalf of animals and the environment.

The same terms were searched in the 2018 program and results were added to the list. The number of animal-related papers has increased in each of the last two years, arguably with increased focus. Wildlife crime is an emerging issue, with panels in each of the last two years. We also see a recurring search for a theoretical home, most often focused on "green" criminology, with some (declining?) connections to rural criminology.

Papers appear on many unrelated panels, such as this one, with just a few thematic panels.

An annotated Excel file listing the number of presentations, categorized by key themes, and saved for the web, can be viewed here.

Search terms: animal, farm, food

  • Experiencing the sandhill crane migration in the Rio Grande Basin. #sandhillcranes #newmexico
    by World Wildlife Fund on January 23, 2026 at 6:09 pm

    We recently asked WWF staff from across the organization to reflect on the work highlights that made 2025 meaningful. WWF’s Madalen Howard shares her experience on visiting the sandhill crane migration in the Rio Grande Basin and its importance to freshwater ecosystems.

  • Did you know #blue #whales can reach over 100 feet long?
    by World Wildlife Fund on January 14, 2026 at 7:01 pm

    Whales roam the world's oceans, communicating with complex and mysterious sounds. Their sheer size never fails to amaze us. Did you know blue whales can reach over 100 feet long and weigh up to 200 tons? That’s as much as 33 elephants!

  • Nature Breaking #podcast clip: Infrastructure for Nature & People
    by World Wildlife Fund on January 13, 2026 at 8:13 pm

    Did you know that 75% of the infrastructure the world will use in 2050 hasn’t been built yet? That means the choices we make today—about roads, bridges, railways, & more—will shape the future of both human development and the natural world. Tune into this week’s episode of Nature Breaking to learn how we can ensure that the infrastructure of tomorrow works for both nature and people.

  • How Sustainable Infrastructure Can Protect Nature & People
    by World Wildlife Fund on January 13, 2026 at 7:30 pm

    Did you know that 75% of the infrastructure the world will use in 2050 hasn’t been built yet? That means the choices we make today—about roads, bridges, railways, ports, and power systems—will shape the future of both human development and the natural world. In this episode of Nature Breaking, WWF’s Ryan Bartlett, Director for Climate Resilience and Risk Management, explains how we can build the infrastructure we need without destroying the ecosystems we rely on for critical benefits, including resilience to worsening weather extremes. From habitat fragmentation to increased flooding, poorly planned infrastructure can unintentionally cause huge environmental and social problems. But with the right planning tools, safeguards, and nature-based solutions that treat nature as infrastructure, we can chart a very different path forward. Links for More Info: Ryan Bartlett bio: https://www.worldwildlife.org/about/profiles/ryan-bartlett/ WWF Sustainable Infrastructure page: https://www.worldwildlife.org/our-work/sustainability/infrastructure/ Sustainable Infrastructure Program in Asia: https://www.worldwildlife.org/our-work/sustainability/infrastructure/sustainable-infrastructure-program-in-asia/ Greening Transportation Infrastructure Development (GRID): https://gridip.org/ Chapters: 0:00 Preview 0:26 Intro 1:38 Challenges and opportunities with infrastructure development 4:37 Unintended consequences from poorly planned infrastructure 8:05 Best practices to balance infrastructure with nature & climate concerns 10:58 Solutions for infrastructure bisecting wildlife habitat 15:20 Asia as a key region for sustainable infrastructure 18:30 Sustainable Infrastructure Program in Asia (SIPA) 28:53 Lessons learned from SIPA 31:07 Greening Transportation Infrastructure Development (GRID) program 34:32 What does success look like for advancing sustainable infrastructure development? 37:39 Outro

  • First time on camera! A tigress and five cubs in Northeast China
    by World Wildlife Fund on January 9, 2026 at 3:35 pm

    For the first time ever, a tigress and five cubs were filmed by camera traps in China. Wild tigers typically give birth to one to four cubs, so five cubs are an exceptionally rare occurrence even in regions with abundant prey. China's tiger population has increased from an all-time low of 20 in 2010 to around 70 in 2025. Because of this, many communities in Northeast China haven't lived near tigers before, creating a generation gap in past knowledge and experience in managing encounters with these big cats. In response to this, WWF-China has been supporting the government with human-tiger coexistence strategies in anticipation of an increase in the tiger population in the region. Learn more: https://wwf.to/3L70Uvp

  • Nature Breaking #podcast clip: #Forest Win
    by World Wildlife Fund on January 6, 2026 at 6:11 pm

    As the new year begins, we’re taking a moment to reflect back on the top 10 conservation wins of the century (so far). One of the biggest wins was the creation of ARPA — the world’s largest tropical rainforest conservation program. And this century has also brought progress for tigers, giant pandas, bison, and more.

  • Nature Breaking #podcast clip: Tiger conservation
    by World Wildlife Fund on December 30, 2025 at 8:13 pm

    2025 is almost over, so our podcast is counting down the top 10 conservation wins of the century (so far). From restoring wild tigers populations to protecting rainforests, there’s a lot to celebrate. Check out the full episode on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=undiB_keE4g.

  • Top 10 Conservation Wins of the Century (So Far)
    by World Wildlife Fund on December 30, 2025 at 7:30 pm

    As 2025 comes to a close, we’re looking back at the 10 biggest conservation wins of the 21st century (so far). We’ll revisit iconic successes like the Paris Agreement on climate, the rebound of wild tigers and giant pandas, and the creation of the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program, the largest tropical forest conservation initiative on Earth. Plus, we’ll celebrate grassroots efforts like Earth Hour and the return of bison to Native lands—proof that progress is happening at every level. If you care about wildlife, climate, and sustainability, this episode will give you hope and inspiration for the future. Links: Donate to support WWF’s conservation mission: wwf.help/podcast Chapters: 0:00 Preview 0:33 Intro 1:36 Rules of the Countdown 4:31 High Seas Treaty 5:57 Global Biodiversity Framework 7:06 Bison Restoration 9:27 Giant Pandas No Longer Endangered 10:43 The Paris Agreement on Climate Change 11:32 Global Response to the Poaching Crisis 12:55 Rebound of Wild Tigers 16:06 Earth Hour Launches 17:03 Creation of the Amazon Region Protected Areas (ARPA) Program 19:55 Environmentalism Goes Mainstream

  • 2025 Conservation Highlights #conservation #wildlife #ocean #forest
    by World Wildlife Fund on December 26, 2025 at 2:34 pm

    We’re wrapping up 2025 by celebrating some of the conservation highlights that defined this year. Together, we made meaningful progress for both people and nature.

  • Gorillas love to snack! #gorilla #conservation #nature
    by World Wildlife Fund on December 1, 2025 at 10:37 pm

    Did you know gorillas are mainly vegetarians? They thrive on a plant-powered diet, snacking on fruit, stems, and bamboo shoots, with the occasional bark and invertebrates for extra nutrients.